Global Bead Wire Market 2021 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2026

  • receipt Report ID : 163826
  • calendar_today Published On: Feb, 2021
  • file_copy Pages: 156
  • list Automotives
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The Bead Wire market report provides a detailed analysis of global market size, regional and country-level market size, segmentation market growth, market share, competitive Landscape, sales analysis, impact of domestic and global market players, value chain optimization, trade regulations, recent developments, opportunities analysis, strategic market growth analysis, product launches, area marketplace expanding, and technological innovations.

According to our latest research, the global Bead Wire size is estimated to be xx million in 2021 from USD 973.5 million in 2020, with a change of XX% between 2020 and 2021. The global Bead Wire market size is expected to grow at a CAGR of 0.8% for the next five years.

Market segmentation

Bead Wire market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2016-2026, the growth among segments provide accurate calculations and forecasts for sales by Type and by Application in terms of volume and value. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.

Market segment by Type, covers

0.78~1.60 mm

1.65~1.83 mm

Above 1.83 mm

Market segment by Application can be divided into

Radial Tire

Bias Tire

The key market players for global Bead Wire market are listed below:

Bekaert

Kiswire

Rajratan

Shandong Daye

Market segment by Region, regional analysis covers

North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)

Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)

Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, and Australia)

South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Rest of South America)

Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa)

The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 14 chapters:

Chapter 1, to describe Bead Wire product scope, market overview, market opportunities, market driving force and market risks.

Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Bead Wire, with price, sales, revenue and global market share of Bead Wire in 2018 and 2019.

Chapter 3, the Bead Wire competitive situation, sales, revenue and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.

Chapter 4, the Bead Wire breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales, revenue and growth by regions, from 2015 to 2020.

Chapter 5 and 6, to segment the sales by type and application, with sales market share and growth rate by type, application, from 2015 to 2020.

Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales, revenue and market share for key countries in the world, from 2016 to 2021.and Bead Wire market forecast, by regions, type and application, with sales and revenue, from 2021 to 2026.

Chapter 12, 13 and 14, to describe Bead Wire sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion, appendix and data source.

Frequently Asked Questions

The base year for the study has been considered 2019, historic year 2014 and 2018, the forecast period considered is from 2020 to 2027. The regions analyzed for the market include North America, Europe, South America, Asia Pacific, and Middle East and Africa. These regions are further analyzed at the country-level. The study also includes attractiveness analysis of type, application and regions which are benchmarked based on their market size, growth rate and attractiveness in terms of present and future opportunity for understanding the future growth of the market.

Market is segmented on the basis:

  • By Type
  • By Application
  • By Region
  • By Country
  • By Manufacturer

The report offers in-depth analysis of driving factors, opportunities, restraints, and challenges for gaining the key insight of the market. The report emphasizes on all the key trends that play a vital role in the enlargement of the market from 2019 to 2026.

The report provides company profile of the key players operating in the market and a comparative analysis based on their business overviews industry offering, segment market share, regional presence, business strategies, innovations, mergers & acquisitions, recent developments, joint venture, collaborations, partnerships, SWOT analysis, and key financial information.

1 Market Overview

1.1 Bead Wire Introduction

1.2 Market Analysis by Type

1.2.1 Overview: Global Bead Wire Revenue by Type: 2019 Versus 2021 Versus 2026

1.2.2 0.78~1.60 mm

1.2.3 1.65~1.83 mm

1.2.4 Above 1.83 mm

1.3 Market Analysis by Application

1.3.1 Overview: Global Bead Wire Revenue by Application: 2019 Versus 2021 Versus 2026

1.3.2 Radial Tire

1.3.3 Bias Tire

1.4 Global Bead Wire Market Size & Forecast

1.4.1 Global Bead Wire Sales in Value (2016-2026))

1.4.2 Global Bead Wire Sales in Volume (2016-2026)

1.4.3 Global Bead Wire Price by Type (2016-2026) & (USD/MT)

1.5 Global Bead Wire Production Capacity Analysis

1.5.1 Global Bead Wire Total Production Capacity (2016-2026)

1.5.2 Global Bead Wire Production Capacity by Geographic Region

1.6 Market Drivers, Restraints and Trends

1.6.1 Bead Wire Market Drivers

1.6.2 Bead Wire Market Restraints

1.6.3 Bead Wire Trends Analysis

2 Manufacturers Profiles

2.1 Bekaert

2.1.1 Bekaert Details

2.1.2 Bekaert Major Business

2.1.3 Bekaert Bead Wire Product and Services

2.1.4 Bekaert Bead Wire Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)

2.2 Kiswire

2.2.1 Kiswire Details

2.2.2 Kiswire Major Business

2.2.3 Kiswire Bead Wire Product and Services

2.2.4 Kiswire Bead Wire Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)

2.3 Rajratan

2.3.1 Rajratan Details

2.3.2 Rajratan Major Business

2.3.3 Rajratan Bead Wire Product and Services

2.3.4 Rajratan Bead Wire Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)

2.4 Shandong Daye

2.4.1 Shandong Daye Details

2.4.2 Shandong Daye Major Business

2.4.3 Shandong Daye Bead Wire Product and Services

2.4.4 Shandong Daye Bead Wire Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)

3 Bead Wire Sales by Manufacturer

3.1 Global Bead Wire Sales in Volume by Manufacturer (2019-2021e)

3.2 Global Bead Wire Revenue by Manufacturer (2019-2021e)

3.3 Key Manufacturer Market Position in Bead Wire

3.4 Market Concentration Rate

3.4.1 Top 3 Bead Wire Manufacturer Market Share

3.4.2 Top 6 Bead Wire Manufacturer Market Share

3.5 Global Bead Wire Production Capacity by Company

3.6 Manufacturer by Geography: Head Office and Bead Wire Production Site

3.7 New Entrant and Capacity Expansion Plans

3.8 Mergers & Acquisitions

4 Market Analysis by Region

4.1 Global Bead Wire Market Size by Region

4.1.1 Global Bead Wire Sales in Volume by Region (2016-2026)

4.1.2 Global Bead Wire Revenue by Region (2016-2026)

4.2 North America Bead Wire Revenue (2016-2026)

4.3 Europe Bead Wire Revenue (2016-2026)

4.4 Asia-Pacific Bead Wire Revenue (2016-2026)

4.5 South America Bead Wire Revenue (2016-2026)

4.6 Middle East and Africa Bead Wire Revenue (2016-2026)

5 Market Segment by Type

5.1 Global Bead Wire Sales in Volume by Type (2016-2026)

5.2 Global Bead Wire Revenue by Type (2016-2026)

5.3 Global Bead Wire Price by Type (2016-2026)

6 Market Segment by Application

6.1 Global Bead Wire Sales in Volume by Application (2016-2026)

6.2 Global Bead Wire Revenue by Application (2016-2026)

6.3 Global Bead Wire Price by Application (2016-2026)

7 North America by Country, by Type, and by Application

7.1 North America Bead Wire Sales by Type (2016-2026)

7.2 North America Bead Wire Sales by Application (2016-2026)

7.3 North America Bead Wire Market Size by Country

7.3.1 North America Bead Wire Sales in Volume by Country (2016-2026)

7.3.2 North America Bead Wire Revenue by Country (2016-2026)

7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)

7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)

7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)

8 Europe by Country, by Type, and by Application

8.1 Europe Bead Wire Sales by Type (2016-2026)

8.2 Europe Bead Wire Sales by Application (2016-2026)

8.3 Europe Bead Wire Market Size by Country

8.3.1 Europe Bead Wire Sales in Volume by Country (2016-2026)

8.3.2 Europe Bead Wire Revenue by Country (2016-2026)

8.3.3 Germany Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)

8.3.4 France Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)

8.3.5 United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)

8.3.6 Russia Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)

8.3.7 Italy Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)

9 Asia-Pacific by Country, by Type, and by Application

9.1 Asia-Pacific Bead Wire Sales by Type (2016-2026)

9.2 Asia-Pacific Bead Wire Sales by Application (2016-2026)

9.3 Asia-Pacific Bead Wire Market Size by Region

9.3.1 Asia-Pacific Bead Wire Sales in Volume by Region (2016-2026)

9.3.2 Asia-Pacific Bead Wire Revenue by Region (2016-2026)

9.3.3 China Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)

9.3.4 Japan Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)

9.3.5 Korea Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)

9.3.6 India Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)

9.3.7 Southeast Asia Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)

9.3.8 Australia Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)

10 South America by Country, by Type, and by Application

10.1 South America Bead Wire Sales by Type (2016-2026)

10.2 South America Bead Wire Sales by Application (2016-2026)

10.3 South America Bead Wire Market Size by Country

10.3.1 South America Bead Wire Sales in Volume by Country (2016-2026)

10.3.2 South America Bead Wire Revenue by Country (2016-2026)

10.3.3 Brazil Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)

10.3.4 Argentina Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)

11 Middle East & Africa by Country, by Type, and by Application

11.1 Middle East & Africa Bead Wire Sales by Type (2016-2026)

11.2 Middle East & Africa Bead Wire Sales by Application (2016-2026)

11.3 Middle East & Africa Bead Wire Market Size by Country

11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Bead Wire Sales in Volume by Country (2016-2026)

11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Bead Wire Revenue by Country (2016-2026)

11.3.3 Turkey Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)

11.3.4 Egypt Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)

11.3.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)

11.3.6 South Africa Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)

12 Sales Channel, Distributors, Traders and Dealers

12.1 Sales Channel

12.1.1 Direct Marketing

12.1.2 Indirect Marketing

12.2 Bead Wire Typical Distributors

12.3 Bead Wire Typical Customers

13 Research Findings and Conclusion

14 Appendix

14.1 Methodology

14.2 Research Process and Data Source

14.3 Disclaimer

List of Tables

Table 1. Global Bead Wire Revenue by Type, (USD Million), 2021-2026

Table 2. Global Bead Wire Revenue by Application, (USD Million), 2021-2026

Table 3. Bekaert Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

Table 4. Bekaert Major Business

Table 5. Bekaert Bead Wire Product and Services

Table 6. Bekaert Bead Wire Sales (MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021e)

Table 7. Kiswire Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

Table 8. Kiswire Major Business

Table 9. Kiswire Bead Wire Product and Services

Table 10. Kiswire Bead Wire Sales (MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021e)

Table 11. Rajratan Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

Table 12. Rajratan Major Business

Table 13. Rajratan Bead Wire Product and Services

Table 14. Rajratan Bead Wire Sales (MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021e)

Table 15. Shandong Daye Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors

Table 16. Shandong Daye Major Business

Table 17. Shandong Daye Bead Wire Product and Services

Table 18. Shandong Daye Bead Wire Sales (MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021e)

Table 19. Global Bead Wire Sales by Manufacturer (2019-2021e) & (MT)

Table 20. Global Bead Wire Revenue by Manufacturer (2019-2021e) & (USD Million)

Table 21. Market Position of Manufacturers in Bead Wire, (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3), Based on Revenue in 2020

Table 22. Global Bead Wire Production Capacity by Company, (MT): 2020 VS 2021

Table 23. Head Office and Bead Wire Production Site of Key Manufacturer

Table 24. Bead Wire New Entrant and Capacity Expansion Plans

Table 25. Bead Wire Mergers & Acquisitions in the Past Five Years

Table 26. Global Bead Wire Sales by Region (2016-2021e) & (MT)

Table 27. Global Bead Wire Sales by Region (2021-2026) & (MT)

Table 28. Global Bead Wire Revenue by Region (2016-2021e) & (USD Million)

Table 29. Global Bead Wire Revenue by Region (2021-2026) & (USD Million)

Table 30. Global Bead Wire Sales by Type (2016-2021e) & (MT)

Table 31. Global Bead Wire Sales by Type (2021-2026) & (MT)

Table 32. Global Bead Wire Revenue by Type (2016-2021e) & (USD Million)

Table 33. Global Bead Wire Revenue by Type (2021-2026) & (USD Million)

Table 34. Global Bead Wire Price by Type (2016-2021e) & (USD/MT)

Table 35. Global Bead Wire Price by Type (2021-2026) & (USD/MT)

Table 36. Global Bead Wire Sales by Application (2016-2021e) & (MT)

Table 37. Global Bead Wire Sales by Application (2021-2026) & (MT)

Table 38. Global Bead Wire Revenue by Application (2016-2021e) & (USD Million)

Table 39. Global Bead Wire Revenue by Application (2021-2026) & (USD Million)

Table 40. Global Bead Wire Price by Application (2016-2021e) & (USD/MT)

Table 41. Global Bead Wire Price by Application (2021-2026) & (USD/MT)

Table 42. North America Bead Wire Sales by Country (2016-2021e) & (MT)

Table 43. North America Bead Wire Sales by Country (2021-2026) & (MT)

Table 44. North America Bead Wire Revenue by Country (2016-2021e) & (USD Million)

Table 45. North America Bead Wire Revenue by Country (2021-2026) & (USD Million)

Table 46. North America Bead Wire Sales by Type (2016-2021e) & (MT)

Table 47. North America Bead Wire Sales by Type (2021-2026) & (MT)

Table 48. North America Bead Wire Sales by Application (2016-2021e) & (MT)

Table 49. North America Bead Wire Sales by Application (2021-2026) & (MT)

Table 50. Europe Bead Wire Sales by Country (2016-2021e) & (MT)

Table 51. Europe Bead Wire Sales by Country (2021-2026) & (MT)

Table 52. Europe Bead Wire Revenue by Country (2016-2021e) & (USD Million)

Table 53. Europe Bead Wire Revenue by Country (2021-2026) & (USD Million)

Table 54. Europe Bead Wire Sales by Type (2016-2021e) & (MT)

Table 55. Europe Bead Wire Sales by Type (2021-2026) & (MT)

Table 56. Europe Bead Wire Sales by Application (2016-2021e) & (MT)

Table 57. Europe Bead Wire Sales by Application (2021-2026) & (MT)

Table 58. Asia-Pacific Bead Wire Sales by Region (2016-2021e) & (MT)

Table 59. Asia-Pacific Bead Wire Sales by Region (2021-2026) & (MT)

Table 60. Asia-Pacific Bead Wire Revenue by Region (2016-2021e) & (USD Million)

Table 61. Asia-Pacific Bead Wire Revenue by Region (2021-2026) & (USD Million)

Table 62. Asia-Pacific Bead Wire Sales by Type (2016-2021e) & (MT)

Table 63. Asia-Pacific Bead Wire Sales by Type (2021-2026) & (MT)

Table 64. Asia-Pacific Bead Wire Sales by Application (2016-2021e) & (MT)

Table 65. Asia-Pacific Bead Wire Sales by Application (2021-2026) & (MT)

Table 66. South America Bead Wire Sales by Country (2016-2021e) & (MT)

Table 67. South America Bead Wire Sales by Country (2021-2026) & (MT)

Table 68. South America Bead Wire Revenue by Country (2016-2021e) & (USD Million)

Table 69. South America Bead Wire Revenue by Country (2021-2026) & (USD Million)

Table 70. South America Bead Wire Sales by Type (2016-2021e) & (MT)

Table 71. South America Bead Wire Sales by Type (2021-2026) & (MT)

Table 72. South America Bead Wire Sales by Application (2016-2021e) & (MT)

Table 73. South America Bead Wire Sales by Application (2021-2026) & (MT)

Table 74. Middle East & Africa Bead Wire Sales by Country (2016-2021e) & (MT)

Table 75. Middle East & Africa Bead Wire Sales by Country (2021-2026) & (MT)

Table 76. Middle East & Africa Bead Wire Revenue by Country (2016-2021e) & (USD Million)

Table 77. Middle East & Africa Bead Wire Revenue by Country (2021-2026) & (USD Million)

Table 78. Middle East & Africa Bead Wire Sales by Type (2016-2021e) & (MT)

Table 79. Middle East & Africa Bead Wire Sales by Type (2021-2026) & (MT)

Table 80. Middle East & Africa Bead Wire Sales by Application (2016-2021e) & (MT)

Table 81. Middle East & Africa Bead Wire Sales by Application (2021-2026) & (MT)

Table 82. Direct Channel Pros & Cons

Table 83. Indirect Channel Pros & Cons

Table 84. Bead Wire Typical Distributors

Table 85. Bead Wire Typical Customers

List of Figures

Figure 1. Bead Wire Picture

Figure 2. Global Bead Wire Sales Market Share by Type in 2020

Figure 3. 0.78~1.60 mm

Figure 4. 1.65~1.83 mm

Figure 5. Above 1.83 mm

Figure 6. Global Bead Wire Sales Market Share by Application in 2020

Figure 7. Radial Tire

Figure 8. Bias Tire

Figure 9. Global Bead Wire Market Size, (USD Million) & (MT): 2020 VS 2021 VS 2026

Figure 10. Global Bead Wire Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 11. Global Bead Wire Sales (2016-2026) & (MT)

Figure 12. Global Bead Wire Price by Type (2016-2026) & (USD/MT)

Figure 13. Global Bead Wire Production Capacity (2016-2026) & (MT)

Figure 14. Global Bead Wire Production Capacity by Geographic Region: 2020 VS 2021

Figure 15. Bead Wire Market Drivers

Figure 16. Bead Wire Market Restraints

Figure 17. Bead Wire Market Trends

Figure 18. Global Bead Wire Sales Market Share by Manufacturer in 2020

Figure 19. Global Bead Wire Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2020

Figure 20. Bead Wire Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)

Figure 21. Top 3 Bead Wire Manufacturer (Revenue) Market Share in 2020

Figure 22. Top 6 Bead Wire Manufacturer (Revenue) Market Share in 2020

Figure 23. Global Bead Wire Sales Market Share by Region (2016-2026)

Figure 24. Global Bead Wire Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2026)

Figure 25. North America Bead Wire Revenue (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 26. Europe Bead Wire Revenue (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 27. Asia-Pacific Bead Wire Revenue (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 28. South America Bead Wire Revenue (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 29. Middle East & Africa Bead Wire Revenue (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 30. Global Bead Wire Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2026)

Figure 31. Global Bead Wire Revenue Market Share by Type (2016-2026)

Figure 32. Global Bead Wire Price by Type (2016-2026) & (USD/MT)

Figure 33. Global Bead Wire Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026)

Figure 34. Global Bead Wire Revenue Market Share by Application (2016-2026)

Figure 35. Global Bead Wire Price by Application (2016-2026) & (USD/MT)

Figure 36. North America Bead Wire Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2026)

Figure 37. North America Bead Wire Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026)

Figure 38. North America Bead Wire Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2026)

Figure 39. North America Bead Wire Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2026)

Figure 40. United States Bead Wire Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 41. Canada Bead Wire Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 42. Mexico Bead Wire Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 43. Europe Bead Wire Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2026)

Figure 44. Europe Bead Wire Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026)

Figure 45. Europe Bead Wire Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2026)

Figure 46. Europe Bead Wire Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2026)

Figure 47. Germany Bead Wire Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 48. France Bead Wire Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 49. United Kingdom Bead Wire Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 50. Russia Bead Wire Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 51. Italy Bead Wire Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 52. Asia-Pacific Bead Wire Sales Market Share by Region (2016-2026)

Figure 53. Asia-Pacific Bead Wire Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026)

Figure 54. Asia-Pacific Bead Wire Sales Market Share by Region (2016-2026)

Figure 55. Asia-Pacific Bead Wire Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2026)

Figure 56. China Bead Wire Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 57. Japan Bead Wire Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 58. Korea Bead Wire Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 59. India Bead Wire Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 60. Southeast Asia Bead Wire Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 61. Australia Bead Wire Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 62. South America Bead Wire Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2026)

Figure 63. South America Bead Wire Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026)

Figure 64. South America Bead Wire Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2026)

Figure 65. South America Bead Wire Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2026)

Figure 66. Brazil Bead Wire Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 67. Argentina Bead Wire Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 68. Middle East & Africa Bead Wire Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2026)

Figure 69. Middle East & Africa Bead Wire Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026)

Figure 70. Middle East & Africa Bead Wire Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2026)

Figure 71. Middle East & Africa Bead Wire Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2026)

Figure 72. Turkey Bead Wire Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 73. Egypt Bead Wire Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 74. Saudi Arabia Bead Wire Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 75. South Africa Bead Wire Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)

Figure 76. Sales Channel: Direct Channel vs Indirect Channel

Figure 77. Methodology

Figure 78. Research Process and Data Source