1 Scope of the Report

1.1 Market Introduction

1.2 Years Considered

1.3 Research Objectives

1.4 Market Research Methodology

1.5 Research Process and Data Source

1.6 Economic Indicators

1.7 Currency Considered

2 Executive Summary

2.1 World Market Overview

2.1.1 Global Prepared Media Annual Sales 2017-2028

2.1.2 World Current & Future Analysis for Prepared Media by Geographic Region, 2017, 2022 & 2028

2.1.3 World Current & Future Analysis for Prepared Media by Country/Region, 2017, 2022 & 2028

2.2 Prepared Media Segment by Type

2.2.1 Plated

2.2.2 Bottled

2.2.3 Tubed

2.2.4 Others

2.3 Prepared Media Sales by Type

2.3.1 Global Prepared Media Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2022)

2.3.2 Global Prepared Media Revenue and Market Share by Type (2017-2022)

2.3.3 Global Prepared Media Sale Price by Type (2017-2022)

2.4 Prepared Media Segment by Application

2.4.1 Clinical

2.4.2 Food, Diary and Beverage

2.4.3 Water and Environmental

2.4.4 Others

2.5 Prepared Media Sales by Application

2.5.1 Global Prepared Media Sale Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

2.5.2 Global Prepared Media Revenue and Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

2.5.3 Global Prepared Media Sale Price by Application (2017-2022)

3 Global Prepared Media by Company

3.1 Global Prepared Media Breakdown Data by Company

3.1.1 Global Prepared Media Annual Sales by Company (2020-2022)

3.1.2 Global Prepared Media Sales Market Share by Company (2020-2022)

3.2 Global Prepared Media Annual Revenue by Company (2020-2022)

3.2.1 Global Prepared Media Revenue by Company (2020-2022)

3.2.2 Global Prepared Media Revenue Market Share by Company (2020-2022)

3.3 Global Prepared Media Sale Price by Company

3.4 Key Manufacturers Prepared Media Producing Area Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type

3.4.1 Key Manufacturers Prepared Media Product Location Distribution

3.4.2 Players Prepared Media Products Offered

3.5 Market Concentration Rate Analysis

3.5.1 Competition Landscape Analysis

3.5.2 Concentration Ratio (CR3, CR5 and CR10) & (2020-2022)

3.6 New Products and Potential Entrants

3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

4 World Historic Review for Prepared Media by Geographic Region

4.1 World Historic Prepared Media Market Size by Geographic Region (2017-2022)

4.1.1 Global Prepared Media Annual Sales by Geographic Region (2017-2022)

4.1.2 Global Prepared Media Annual Revenue by Geographic Region

4.2 World Historic Prepared Media Market Size by Country/Region (2017-2022)

4.2.1 Global Prepared Media Annual Sales by Country/Region (2017-2022)

4.2.2 Global Prepared Media Annual Revenue by Country/Region

4.3 Americas Prepared Media Sales Growth

4.4 APAC Prepared Media Sales Growth

4.5 Europe Prepared Media Sales Growth

4.6 Middle East & Africa Prepared Media Sales Growth

5 Americas

5.1 Americas Prepared Media Sales by Country

5.1.1 Americas Prepared Media Sales by Country (2017-2022)

5.1.2 Americas Prepared Media Revenue by Country (2017-2022)

5.2 Americas Prepared Media Sales by Type

5.3 Americas Prepared Media Sales by Application

5.4 United States

5.5 Canada

5.6 Mexico

5.7 Brazil

6 APAC

6.1 APAC Prepared Media Sales by Region

6.1.1 APAC Prepared Media Sales by Region (2017-2022)

6.1.2 APAC Prepared Media Revenue by Region (2017-2022)

6.2 APAC Prepared Media Sales by Type

6.3 APAC Prepared Media Sales by Application

6.4 China

6.5 Japan

6.6 South Korea

6.7 Southeast Asia

6.8 India

6.9 Australia

6.10 China Taiwan

7 Europe

7.1 Europe Prepared Media by Country

7.1.1 Europe Prepared Media Sales by Country (2017-2022)

7.1.2 Europe Prepared Media Revenue by Country (2017-2022)

7.2 Europe Prepared Media Sales by Type

7.3 Europe Prepared Media Sales by Application

7.4 Germany

7.5 France

7.6 UK

7.7 Italy

7.8 Russia

8 Middle East & Africa

8.1 Middle East & Africa Prepared Media by Country

8.1.1 Middle East & Africa Prepared Media Sales by Country (2017-2022)

8.1.2 Middle East & Africa Prepared Media Revenue by Country (2017-2022)

8.2 Middle East & Africa Prepared Media Sales by Type

8.3 Middle East & Africa Prepared Media Sales by Application

8.4 Egypt

8.5 South Africa

8.6 Israel

8.7 Turkey

8.8 GCC Countries

9 Market Drivers, Challenges and Trends

9.1 Market Drivers & Growth Opportunities

9.2 Market Challenges & Risks

9.3 Industry Trends

10 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis

10.1 Raw Material and Suppliers

10.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Prepared Media

10.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Prepared Media

10.4 Industry Chain Structure of Prepared Media

11 Marketing, Distributors and Customer

11.1 Sales Channel

11.1.1 Direct Channels

11.1.2 Indirect Channels

11.2 Prepared Media Distributors

11.3 Prepared Media Customer

12 World Forecast Review for Prepared Media by Geographic Region

12.1 Global Prepared Media Market Size Forecast by Region

12.1.1 Global Prepared Media Forecast by Region (2023-2028)

12.1.2 Global Prepared Media Annual Revenue Forecast by Region (2023-2028)

12.2 Americas Forecast by Country

12.3 APAC Forecast by Region

12.4 Europe Forecast by Country

12.5 Middle East & Africa Forecast by Country

12.6 Global Prepared Media Forecast by Type

12.7 Global Prepared Media Forecast by Application

13 Key Players Analysis

13.1 BD

13.1.1 BD Company Information

13.1.2 BD Prepared Media Product Offered

13.1.3 BD Prepared Media Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2022)

13.1.4 BD Main Business Overview

13.1.5 BD Latest Developments

13.2 Merck (Sigma-Aldrich)

13.2.1 Merck (Sigma-Aldrich) Company Information

13.2.2 Merck (Sigma-Aldrich) Prepared Media Product Offered

13.2.3 Merck (Sigma-Aldrich) Prepared Media Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2022)

13.2.4 Merck (Sigma-Aldrich) Main Business Overview

13.2.5 Merck (Sigma-Aldrich) Latest Developments

13.3 Thermo Fisher

13.3.1 Thermo Fisher Company Information

13.3.2 Thermo Fisher Prepared Media Product Offered

13.3.3 Thermo Fisher Prepared Media Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2022)

13.3.4 Thermo Fisher Main Business Overview

13.3.5 Thermo Fisher Latest Developments

13.4 HiMedia

13.4.1 HiMedia Company Information

13.4.2 HiMedia Prepared Media Product Offered

13.4.3 HiMedia Prepared Media Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2022)

13.4.4 HiMedia Main Business Overview

13.4.5 HiMedia Latest Developments

13.5 BioMerieux

13.5.1 BioMerieux Company Information

13.5.2 BioMerieux Prepared Media Product Offered

13.5.3 BioMerieux Prepared Media Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2022)

13.5.4 BioMerieux Main Business Overview

13.5.5 BioMerieux Latest Developments

13.6 Eiken Chemical

13.6.1 Eiken Chemical Company Information

13.6.2 Eiken Chemical Prepared Media Product Offered

13.6.3 Eiken Chemical Prepared Media Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2022)

13.6.4 Eiken Chemical Main Business Overview

13.6.5 Eiken Chemical Latest Developments

13.7 3M

13.7.1 3M Company Information

13.7.2 3M Prepared Media Product Offered

13.7.3 3M Prepared Media Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2022)

13.7.4 3M Main Business Overview

13.7.5 3M Latest Developments

13.8 LABORATORIOS CONDA

13.8.1 LABORATORIOS CONDA Company Information

13.8.2 LABORATORIOS CONDA Prepared Media Product Offered

13.8.3 LABORATORIOS CONDA Prepared Media Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2022)

13.8.4 LABORATORIOS CONDA Main Business Overview

13.8.5 LABORATORIOS CONDA Latest Developments

14 Research Findings and Conclusion

List of Tables

Table 1. Prepared Media Annual Sales CAGR by Geographic Region (2017, 2022 & 2028) & ($ millions)

Table 2. Prepared Media Annual Sales CAGR by Country/Region (2017, 2022 & 2028) & ($ millions)

Table 3. Major Players of Plated

Table 4. Major Players of Bottled

Table 5. Major Players of Tubed

Table 6. Major Players of Others

Table 7. Global Prepared Media Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (MT)

Table 8. Global Prepared Media Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2022)

Table 9. Global Prepared Media Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & ($ million)

Table 10. Global Prepared Media Revenue Market Share by Type (2017-2022)

Table 11. Global Prepared Media Sale Price by Type (2017-2022) & (USD/Kg)

Table 12. Global Prepared Media Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (MT)

Table 13. Global Prepared Media Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

Table 14. Global Prepared Media Revenue by Application (2017-2022)

Table 15. Global Prepared Media Revenue Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

Table 16. Global Prepared Media Sale Price by Application (2017-2022) & (USD/Kg)

Table 17. Global Prepared Media Sales by Company (2020-2022) & (MT)

Table 18. Global Prepared Media Sales Market Share by Company (2020-2022)

Table 19. Global Prepared Media Revenue by Company (2020-2022) ($ Millions)

Table 20. Global Prepared Media Revenue Market Share by Company (2020-2022)

Table 21. Global Prepared Media Sale Price by Company (2020-2022) & (USD/Kg)

Table 22. Key Manufacturers Prepared Media Producing Area Distribution and Sales Area

Table 23. Players Prepared Media Products Offered

Table 24. Prepared Media Concentration Ratio (CR3, CR5 and CR10) & (2020-2022)

Table 25. New Products and Potential Entrants

Table 26. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

Table 27. Global Prepared Media Sales by Geographic Region (2017-2022) & (MT)

Table 28. Global Prepared Media Sales Market Share Geographic Region (2017-2022)

Table 29. Global Prepared Media Revenue by Geographic Region (2017-2022) & ($ millions)

Table 30. Global Prepared Media Revenue Market Share by Geographic Region (2017-2022)

Table 31. Global Prepared Media Sales by Country/Region (2017-2022) & (MT)

Table 32. Global Prepared Media Sales Market Share by Country/Region (2017-2022)

Table 33. Global Prepared Media Revenue by Country/Region (2017-2022) & ($ millions)

Table 34. Global Prepared Media Revenue Market Share by Country/Region (2017-2022)

Table 35. Americas Prepared Media Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (MT)

Table 36. Americas Prepared Media Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2022)

Table 37. Americas Prepared Media Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 38. Americas Prepared Media Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2022)

Table 39. Americas Prepared Media Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (MT)

Table 40. Americas Prepared Media Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2022)

Table 41. Americas Prepared Media Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (MT)

Table 42. Americas Prepared Media Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

Table 43. APAC Prepared Media Sales by Region (2017-2022) & (MT)

Table 44. APAC Prepared Media Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2022)

Table 45. APAC Prepared Media Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 46. APAC Prepared Media Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2022)

Table 47. APAC Prepared Media Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (MT)

Table 48. APAC Prepared Media Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2022)

Table 49. APAC Prepared Media Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (MT)

Table 50. APAC Prepared Media Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

Table 51. Europe Prepared Media Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (MT)

Table 52. Europe Prepared Media Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2022)

Table 53. Europe Prepared Media Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 54. Europe Prepared Media Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2022)

Table 55. Europe Prepared Media Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (MT)

Table 56. Europe Prepared Media Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2022)

Table 57. Europe Prepared Media Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (MT)

Table 58. Europe Prepared Media Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

Table 59. Middle East & Africa Prepared Media Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (MT)

Table 60. Middle East & Africa Prepared Media Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2022)

Table 61. Middle East & Africa Prepared Media Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 62. Middle East & Africa Prepared Media Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2022)

Table 63. Middle East & Africa Prepared Media Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (MT)

Table 64. Middle East & Africa Prepared Media Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2022)

Table 65. Middle East & Africa Prepared Media Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (MT)

Table 66. Middle East & Africa Prepared Media Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

Table 67. Key Market Drivers & Growth Opportunities of Prepared Media

Table 68. Key Market Challenges & Risks of Prepared Media

Table 69. Key Industry Trends of Prepared Media

Table 70. Prepared Media Raw Material

Table 71. Key Suppliers of Raw Materials

Table 72. Prepared Media Distributors List

Table 73. Prepared Media Customer List

Table 74. Global Prepared Media Sales Forecast by Region (2023-2028) & (MT)

Table 75. Global Prepared Media Sales Market Forecast by Region

Table 76. Global Prepared Media Revenue Forecast by Region (2023-2028) & ($ millions)

Table 77. Global Prepared Media Revenue Market Share Forecast by Region (2023-2028)

Table 78. Americas Prepared Media Sales Forecast by Country (2023-2028) & (MT)

Table 79. Americas Prepared Media Revenue Forecast by Country (2023-2028) & ($ millions)

Table 80. APAC Prepared Media Sales Forecast by Region (2023-2028) & (MT)

Table 81. APAC Prepared Media Revenue Forecast by Region (2023-2028) & ($ millions)

Table 82. Europe Prepared Media Sales Forecast by Country (2023-2028) & (MT)

Table 83. Europe Prepared Media Revenue Forecast by Country (2023-2028) & ($ millions)

Table 84. Middle East & Africa Prepared Media Sales Forecast by Country (2023-2028) & (MT)

Table 85. Middle East & Africa Prepared Media Revenue Forecast by Country (2023-2028) & ($ millions)

Table 86. Global Prepared Media Sales Forecast by Type (2023-2028) & (MT)

Table 87. Global Prepared Media Sales Market Share Forecast by Type (2023-2028)

Table 88. Global Prepared Media Revenue Forecast by Type (2023-2028) & ($ Millions)

Table 89. Global Prepared Media Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2023-2028)

Table 90. Global Prepared Media Sales Forecast by Application (2023-2028) & (MT)

Table 91. Global Prepared Media Sales Market Share Forecast by Application (2023-2028)

Table 92. Global Prepared Media Revenue Forecast by Application (2023-2028) & ($ Millions)

Table 93. Global Prepared Media Revenue Market Share Forecast by Application (2023-2028)

Table 94. BD Basic Information, Prepared Media Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

Table 95. BD Prepared Media Product Offered

Table 96. BD Prepared Media Sales (MT), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)

Table 97. BD Main Business

Table 98. BD Latest Developments

Table 99. Merck (Sigma-Aldrich) Basic Information, Prepared Media Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

Table 100. Merck (Sigma-Aldrich) Prepared Media Product Offered

Table 101. Merck (Sigma-Aldrich) Prepared Media Sales (MT), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)

Table 102. Merck (Sigma-Aldrich) Main Business

Table 103. Merck (Sigma-Aldrich) Latest Developments

Table 104. Thermo Fisher Basic Information, Prepared Media Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

Table 105. Thermo Fisher Prepared Media Product Offered

Table 106. Thermo Fisher Prepared Media Sales (MT), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)

Table 107. Thermo Fisher Main Business

Table 108. Thermo Fisher Latest Developments

Table 109. HiMedia Basic Information, Prepared Media Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

Table 110. HiMedia Prepared Media Product Offered

Table 111. HiMedia Prepared Media Sales (MT), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)

Table 112. HiMedia Main Business

Table 113. HiMedia Latest Developments

Table 114. BioMerieux Basic Information, Prepared Media Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

Table 115. BioMerieux Prepared Media Product Offered

Table 116. BioMerieux Prepared Media Sales (MT), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)

Table 117. BioMerieux Main Business

Table 118. BioMerieux Latest Developments

Table 119. Eiken Chemical Basic Information, Prepared Media Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

Table 120. Eiken Chemical Prepared Media Product Offered

Table 121. Eiken Chemical Prepared Media Sales (MT), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)

Table 122. Eiken Chemical Main Business

Table 123. Eiken Chemical Latest Developments

Table 124. 3M Basic Information, Prepared Media Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

Table 125. 3M Prepared Media Product Offered

Table 126. 3M Prepared Media Sales (MT), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)

Table 127. 3M Main Business

Table 128. 3M Latest Developments

Table 129. LABORATORIOS CONDA Basic Information, Prepared Media Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

Table 130. LABORATORIOS CONDA Prepared Media Product Offered

Table 131. LABORATORIOS CONDA Prepared Media Sales (MT), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)

Table 132. LABORATORIOS CONDA Main Business

Table 133. LABORATORIOS CONDA Latest Developments

List of Figures

Figure 1. Picture of Prepared Media

Figure 2. Prepared Media Report Years Considered

Figure 3. Research Objectives

Figure 4. Research Methodology

Figure 5. Research Process and Data Source

Figure 6. Global Prepared Media Sales Growth Rate 2017-2028 (MT)

Figure 7. Global Prepared Media Revenue Growth Rate 2017-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 8. Prepared Media Sales by Region (2021 & 2028) & ($ millions)

Figure 9. Product Picture of Plated

Figure 10. Product Picture of Bottled

Figure 11. Product Picture of Tubed

Figure 12. Product Picture of Others

Figure 13. Global Prepared Media Sales Market Share by Type in 2021

Figure 14. Global Prepared Media Revenue Market Share by Type (2017-2022)

Figure 15. Prepared Media Consumed in Clinical

Figure 16. Global Prepared Media Market: Clinical (2017-2022) & (MT)

Figure 17. Prepared Media Consumed in Food, Diary and Beverage

Figure 18. Global Prepared Media Market: Food, Diary and Beverage (2017-2022) & (MT)

Figure 19. Prepared Media Consumed in Water and Environmental

Figure 20. Global Prepared Media Market: Water and Environmental (2017-2022) & (MT)

Figure 21. Prepared Media Consumed in Others

Figure 22. Global Prepared Media Market: Others (2017-2022) & (MT)

Figure 23. Global Prepared Media Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

Figure 24. Global Prepared Media Revenue Market Share by Application in 2021

Figure 25. Prepared Media Revenue Market by Company in 2021 ($ Million)

Figure 26. Global Prepared Media Revenue Market Share by Company in 2021

Figure 27. Global Prepared Media Sales Market Share by Geographic Region (2017-2022)

Figure 28. Global Prepared Media Revenue Market Share by Geographic Region in 2021

Figure 29. Global Prepared Media Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2022)

Figure 30. Global Prepared Media Revenue Market Share by Country/Region in 2021

Figure 31. Americas Prepared Media Sales 2017-2022 (MT)

Figure 32. Americas Prepared Media Revenue 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 33. APAC Prepared Media Sales 2017-2022 (MT)

Figure 34. APAC Prepared Media Revenue 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 35. Europe Prepared Media Sales 2017-2022 (MT)

Figure 36. Europe Prepared Media Revenue 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 37. Middle East & Africa Prepared Media Sales 2017-2022 (MT)

Figure 38. Middle East & Africa Prepared Media Revenue 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 39. Americas Prepared Media Sales Market Share by Country in 2021

Figure 40. Americas Prepared Media Revenue Market Share by Country in 2021

Figure 41. United States Prepared Media Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 42. Canada Prepared Media Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 43. Mexico Prepared Media Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 44. Brazil Prepared Media Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 45. APAC Prepared Media Sales Market Share by Region in 2021

Figure 46. APAC Prepared Media Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2021

Figure 47. China Prepared Media Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 48. Japan Prepared Media Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 49. South Korea Prepared Media Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 50. Southeast Asia Prepared Media Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 51. India Prepared Media Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 52. Australia Prepared Media Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 53. Europe Prepared Media Sales Market Share by Country in 2021

Figure 54. Europe Prepared Media Revenue Market Share by Country in 2021

Figure 55. Germany Prepared Media Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 56. France Prepared Media Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 57. UK Prepared Media Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 58. Italy Prepared Media Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 59. Russia Prepared Media Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 60. Middle East & Africa Prepared Media Sales Market Share by Country in 2021

Figure 61. Middle East & Africa Prepared Media Revenue Market Share by Country in 2021

Figure 62. Egypt Prepared Media Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 63. South Africa Prepared Media Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 64. Israel Prepared Media Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 65. Turkey Prepared Media Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 66. GCC Country Prepared Media Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 67. Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Prepared Media in 2021

Figure 68. Manufacturing Process Analysis of Prepared Media

Figure 69. Industry Chain Structure of Prepared Media

Figure 70. Channels of Distribution

Figure 71. Distributors Profiles