Global One-step ELISA Market 2022 by Company, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2028

  • receipt Report ID : 304547
  • calendar_today Published On: Jun, 2022
  • file_copy Pages: 156
  • list Pharmaceuticals and Healthcare
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The One-step ELISA market report provides a detailed analysis of global market size, regional and country-level market size, segmentation market growth, market share, competitive Landscape, sales analysis, impact of domestic and global market players, value chain optimization, trade regulations, recent developments, opportunities analysis, strategic market growth analysis, product launches, area marketplace expanding, and technological innovations.

According to our latest study, due to COVID-19 pandemic, the global One-step ELISA market size is estimated to be worth US$ million in 2021 and is forecast to a readjusted size of USD million by 2028 with a CAGR of % during review period. Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Companies accounting for % of the One-step ELISA global market in 2021, is projected to value USD million by 2028, growing at a % CAGR in next six years. While IgG segment is altered to a % CAGR between 2022 and 2028.

Global key companies of One-step ELISA include Abcam, BosterBio, DIALAB, AnaSpec, and IDS, etc. In terms of revenue, the global top four players hold a share over % in 2021.

Market segmentation

One-step ELISA market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2017-2028, the growth among segments provide accurate calculations and forecasts for revenue by Type and by Application. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.

Market segment by Type, covers

IgG

Albumin

TNF alpha

IL-6

Fibrinogen

Insulin

Lysozyme

Others

Market segment by Application, can be divided into

Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Companies

Diagnostic Centers

Hospitals and Clinics

Market segment by players, this report covers

Abcam

BosterBio

DIALAB

AnaSpec

IDS

PerkinElmer

InBios International

Market segment by regions, regional analysis covers

North America (United States, Canada, and Mexico)

Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)

Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, South Korea, India, Southeast Asia, Australia, and Rest of Asia-Pacific)

South America (Brazil, Argentina, Rest of South America)

Middle East & Africa (Turkey, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Rest of Middle East & Africa)

The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 12 chapters:

Chapter 1, to describe One-step ELISA product scope, market overview, market opportunities, market driving force and market risks.

Chapter 2, to profile the top players of One-step ELISA, with revenue, gross margin and global market share of One-step ELISA from 2019 to 2022.

Chapter 3, the One-step ELISA competitive situation, revenue and global market share of top players are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.

Chapter 4 and 5, to segment the market size by Type and application, with revenue and growth rate by Type, application, from 2017 to 2028.

Chapter 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, to break the market size data at the country level, with revenue and market share for key countries in the world, from 2017 to 2022.and One-step ELISA market forecast, by regions, type and application, with revenue, from 2023 to 2028.

Chapter 11 and 12, to describe One-step ELISA research findings and conclusion, appendix and data source.

Frequently Asked Questions

The base year for the study has been considered 2019, historic year 2014 and 2018, the forecast period considered is from 2020 to 2027. The regions analyzed for the market include North America, Europe, South America, Asia Pacific, and Middle East and Africa. These regions are further analyzed at the country-level. The study also includes attractiveness analysis of type, application and regions which are benchmarked based on their market size, growth rate and attractiveness in terms of present and future opportunity for understanding the future growth of the market.

Market is segmented on the basis:

  • By Type
  • By Application
  • By Region
  • By Country
  • By Manufacturer

The report offers in-depth analysis of driving factors, opportunities, restraints, and challenges for gaining the key insight of the market. The report emphasizes on all the key trends that play a vital role in the enlargement of the market from 2019 to 2026.

The report provides company profile of the key players operating in the market and a comparative analysis based on their business overviews industry offering, segment market share, regional presence, business strategies, innovations, mergers & acquisitions, recent developments, joint venture, collaborations, partnerships, SWOT analysis, and key financial information.

1 Market Overview

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of One-step ELISA

1.2 Classification of One-step ELISA by Type

1.2.1 Overview: Global One-step ELISA Market Size by Type: 2017 Versus 2021 Versus 2028

1.2.2 Global One-step ELISA Revenue Market Share by Type in 2021

1.2.3 IgG

1.2.4 Albumin

1.2.5 TNF alpha

1.2.6 IL-6

1.2.7 Fibrinogen

1.2.8 Insulin

1.2.9 Lysozyme

1.2.10 Others

1.3 Global One-step ELISA Market by Application

1.3.1 Overview: Global One-step ELISA Market Size by Application: 2017 Versus 2021 Versus 2028

1.3.2 Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Companies

1.3.3 Diagnostic Centers

1.3.4 Hospitals and Clinics

1.4 Global One-step ELISA Market Size & Forecast

1.5 Global One-step ELISA Market Size and Forecast by Region

1.5.1 Global One-step ELISA Market Size by Region: 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028

1.5.2 Global One-step ELISA Market Size by Region, (2017-2022)

1.5.3 North America One-step ELISA Market Size and Prospect (2017-2028)

1.5.4 Europe One-step ELISA Market Size and Prospect (2017-2028)

1.5.5 Asia-Pacific One-step ELISA Market Size and Prospect (2017-2028)

1.5.6 South America One-step ELISA Market Size and Prospect (2017-2028)

1.5.7 Middle East and Africa One-step ELISA Market Size and Prospect (2017-2028)

1.6 Market Drivers, Restraints and Trends

1.6.1 One-step ELISA Market Drivers

1.6.2 One-step ELISA Market Restraints

1.6.3 One-step ELISA Trends Analysis

2 Company Profiles

2.1 Abcam

2.1.1 Abcam Details

2.1.2 Abcam Major Business

2.1.3 Abcam One-step ELISA Product and Solutions

2.1.4 Abcam One-step ELISA Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

2.1.5 Abcam Recent Developments and Future Plans

2.2 BosterBio

2.2.1 BosterBio Details

2.2.2 BosterBio Major Business

2.2.3 BosterBio One-step ELISA Product and Solutions

2.2.4 BosterBio One-step ELISA Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

2.2.5 BosterBio Recent Developments and Future Plans

2.3 DIALAB

2.3.1 DIALAB Details

2.3.2 DIALAB Major Business

2.3.3 DIALAB One-step ELISA Product and Solutions

2.3.4 DIALAB One-step ELISA Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

2.3.5 DIALAB Recent Developments and Future Plans

2.4 AnaSpec

2.4.1 AnaSpec Details

2.4.2 AnaSpec Major Business

2.4.3 AnaSpec One-step ELISA Product and Solutions

2.4.4 AnaSpec One-step ELISA Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

2.4.5 AnaSpec Recent Developments and Future Plans

2.5 IDS

2.5.1 IDS Details

2.5.2 IDS Major Business

2.5.3 IDS One-step ELISA Product and Solutions

2.5.4 IDS One-step ELISA Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

2.5.5 IDS Recent Developments and Future Plans

2.6 PerkinElmer

2.6.1 PerkinElmer Details

2.6.2 PerkinElmer Major Business

2.6.3 PerkinElmer One-step ELISA Product and Solutions

2.6.4 PerkinElmer One-step ELISA Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

2.6.5 PerkinElmer Recent Developments and Future Plans

2.7 InBios International

2.7.1 InBios International Details

2.7.2 InBios International Major Business

2.7.3 InBios International One-step ELISA Product and Solutions

2.7.4 InBios International One-step ELISA Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

2.7.5 InBios International Recent Developments and Future Plans

3 Market Competition, by Players

3.1 Global One-step ELISA Revenue and Share by Players (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

3.2 Market Concentration Rate

3.2.1 Top 3 One-step ELISA Players Market Share in 2021

3.2.2 Top 10 One-step ELISA Players Market Share in 2021

3.2.3 Market Competition Trend

3.3 One-step ELISA Players Head Office, Products and Services Provided

3.4 One-step ELISA Mergers & Acquisitions

3.5 One-step ELISA New Entrants and Expansion Plans

4 Market Size Segment by Type

4.1 Global One-step ELISA Revenue and Market Share by Type (2017-2022)

4.2 Global One-step ELISA Market Forecast by Type (2023-2028)

5 Market Size Segment by Application

5.1 Global One-step ELISA Revenue Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

5.2 Global One-step ELISA Market Forecast by Application (2023-2028)

6 North America by Country, by Type, and by Application

6.1 North America One-step ELISA Revenue by Type (2017-2028)

6.2 North America One-step ELISA Revenue by Application (2017-2028)

6.3 North America One-step ELISA Market Size by Country

6.3.1 North America One-step ELISA Revenue by Country (2017-2028)

6.3.2 United States One-step ELISA Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)

6.3.3 Canada One-step ELISA Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)

6.3.4 Mexico One-step ELISA Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)

7 Europe by Country, by Type, and by Application

7.1 Europe One-step ELISA Revenue by Type (2017-2028)

7.2 Europe One-step ELISA Revenue by Application (2017-2028)

7.3 Europe One-step ELISA Market Size by Country

7.3.1 Europe One-step ELISA Revenue by Country (2017-2028)

7.3.2 Germany One-step ELISA Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)

7.3.3 France One-step ELISA Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)

7.3.4 United Kingdom One-step ELISA Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)

7.3.5 Russia One-step ELISA Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)

7.3.6 Italy One-step ELISA Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)

8 Asia-Pacific by Region, by Type, and by Application

8.1 Asia-Pacific One-step ELISA Revenue by Type (2017-2028)

8.2 Asia-Pacific One-step ELISA Revenue by Application (2017-2028)

8.3 Asia-Pacific One-step ELISA Market Size by Region

8.3.1 Asia-Pacific One-step ELISA Revenue by Region (2017-2028)

8.3.2 China One-step ELISA Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)

8.3.3 Japan One-step ELISA Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)

8.3.4 South Korea One-step ELISA Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)

8.3.5 India One-step ELISA Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)

8.3.6 Southeast Asia One-step ELISA Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)

8.3.7 Australia One-step ELISA Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)

9 South America by Country, by Type, and by Application

9.1 South America One-step ELISA Revenue by Type (2017-2028)

9.2 South America One-step ELISA Revenue by Application (2017-2028)

9.3 South America One-step ELISA Market Size by Country

9.3.1 South America One-step ELISA Revenue by Country (2017-2028)

9.3.2 Brazil One-step ELISA Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)

9.3.3 Argentina One-step ELISA Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)

10 Middle East & Africa by Country, by Type, and by Application

10.1 Middle East & Africa One-step ELISA Revenue by Type (2017-2028)

10.2 Middle East & Africa One-step ELISA Revenue by Application (2017-2028)

10.3 Middle East & Africa One-step ELISA Market Size by Country

10.3.1 Middle East & Africa One-step ELISA Revenue by Country (2017-2028)

10.3.2 Turkey One-step ELISA Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)

10.3.3 Saudi Arabia One-step ELISA Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)

10.3.4 UAE One-step ELISA Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)

11 Research Findings and Conclusion

12 Appendix

12.1 Methodology

12.2 Research Process and Data Source

12.3 Disclaimer

List of Tables

Table 1. Global One-step ELISA Revenue by Type, (USD Million), 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028

Table 2. Global One-step ELISA Revenue by Application, (USD Million), 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028

Table 3. Global Market One-step ELISA Revenue (Million USD) Comparison by Region (2017 VS 2021 VS 2028)

Table 4. Global One-step ELISA Revenue (USD Million) by Region (2017-2022)

Table 5. Global One-step ELISA Revenue Market Share by Region (2023-2028)

Table 6. Abcam Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors

Table 7. Abcam Major Business

Table 8. Abcam One-step ELISA Product and Solutions

Table 9. Abcam One-step ELISA Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

Table 10. BosterBio Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors

Table 11. BosterBio Major Business

Table 12. BosterBio One-step ELISA Product and Solutions

Table 13. BosterBio One-step ELISA Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

Table 14. DIALAB Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors

Table 15. DIALAB Major Business

Table 16. DIALAB One-step ELISA Product and Solutions

Table 17. DIALAB One-step ELISA Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

Table 18. AnaSpec Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors

Table 19. AnaSpec Major Business

Table 20. AnaSpec One-step ELISA Product and Solutions

Table 21. AnaSpec One-step ELISA Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

Table 22. IDS Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors

Table 23. IDS Major Business

Table 24. IDS One-step ELISA Product and Solutions

Table 25. IDS One-step ELISA Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

Table 26. PerkinElmer Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors

Table 27. PerkinElmer Major Business

Table 28. PerkinElmer One-step ELISA Product and Solutions

Table 29. PerkinElmer One-step ELISA Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

Table 30. InBios International Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors

Table 31. InBios International Major Business

Table 32. InBios International One-step ELISA Product and Solutions

Table 33. InBios International One-step ELISA Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

Table 34. Global One-step ELISA Revenue (USD Million) by Players (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

Table 35. Global One-step ELISA Revenue Share by Players (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)

Table 36. Breakdown of One-step ELISA by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)

Table 37. One-step ELISA Players Head Office, Products and Services Provided

Table 38. One-step ELISA Mergers & Acquisitions in the Past Five Years

Table 39. One-step ELISA New Entrants and Expansion Plans

Table 40. Global One-step ELISA Revenue (USD Million) by Type (2017-2022)

Table 41. Global One-step ELISA Revenue Share by Type (2017-2022)

Table 42. Global One-step ELISA Revenue Forecast by Type (2023-2028)

Table 43. Global One-step ELISA Revenue by Application (2017-2022)

Table 44. Global One-step ELISA Revenue Forecast by Application (2023-2028)

Table 45. North America One-step ELISA Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (USD Million)

Table 46. North America One-step ELISA Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (USD Million)

Table 47. North America One-step ELISA Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (USD Million)

Table 48. North America One-step ELISA Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (USD Million)

Table 49. North America One-step ELISA Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)

Table 50. North America One-step ELISA Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)

Table 51. Europe One-step ELISA Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (USD Million)

Table 52. Europe One-step ELISA Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (USD Million)

Table 53. Europe One-step ELISA Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (USD Million)

Table 54. Europe One-step ELISA Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (USD Million)

Table 55. Europe One-step ELISA Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)

Table 56. Europe One-step ELISA Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)

Table 57. Asia-Pacific One-step ELISA Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (USD Million)

Table 58. Asia-Pacific One-step ELISA Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (USD Million)

Table 59. Asia-Pacific One-step ELISA Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (USD Million)

Table 60. Asia-Pacific One-step ELISA Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (USD Million)

Table 61. Asia-Pacific One-step ELISA Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & (USD Million)

Table 62. Asia-Pacific One-step ELISA Revenue by Region (2023-2028) & (USD Million)

Table 63. South America One-step ELISA Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (USD Million)

Table 64. South America One-step ELISA Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (USD Million)

Table 65. South America One-step ELISA Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (USD Million)

Table 66. South America One-step ELISA Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (USD Million)

Table 67. South America One-step ELISA Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)

Table 68. South America One-step ELISA Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)

Table 69. Middle East & Africa One-step ELISA Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (USD Million)

Table 70. Middle East & Africa One-step ELISA Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (USD Million)

Table 71. Middle East & Africa One-step ELISA Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (USD Million)

Table 72. Middle East & Africa One-step ELISA Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (USD Million)

Table 73. Middle East & Africa One-step ELISA Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)

Table 74. Middle East & Africa One-step ELISA Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)

List of Figures

Figure 1. One-step ELISA Picture

Figure 2. Global One-step ELISA Revenue Market Share by Type in 2021

Figure 3. IgG

Figure 4. Albumin

Figure 5. TNF alpha

Figure 6. IL-6

Figure 7. Fibrinogen

Figure 8. Insulin

Figure 9. Lysozyme

Figure 10. Others

Figure 11. One-step ELISA Revenue Market Share by Application in 2021

Figure 12. Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Companies Picture

Figure 13. Diagnostic Centers Picture

Figure 14. Hospitals and Clinics Picture

Figure 15. Global One-step ELISA Market Size, (USD Million): 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028

Figure 16. Global One-step ELISA Revenue and Forecast (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 17. Global One-step ELISA Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2028)

Figure 18. Global One-step ELISA Revenue Market Share by Region in 2021

Figure 19. North America One-step ELISA Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)

Figure 20. Europe One-step ELISA Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)

Figure 21. Asia-Pacific One-step ELISA Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)

Figure 22. South America One-step ELISA Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)

Figure 23. Middle East and Africa One-step ELISA Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)

Figure 24. One-step ELISA Market Drivers

Figure 25. One-step ELISA Market Restraints

Figure 26. One-step ELISA Market Trends

Figure 27. Abcam Recent Developments and Future Plans

Figure 28. BosterBio Recent Developments and Future Plans

Figure 29. DIALAB Recent Developments and Future Plans

Figure 30. AnaSpec Recent Developments and Future Plans

Figure 31. IDS Recent Developments and Future Plans

Figure 32. PerkinElmer Recent Developments and Future Plans

Figure 33. InBios International Recent Developments and Future Plans

Figure 34. Global One-step ELISA Revenue Share by Players in 2021

Figure 35. One-step ELISA Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) in 2021

Figure 36. Global Top 3 Players One-step ELISA Revenue Market Share in 2021

Figure 37. Global Top 10 Players One-step ELISA Revenue Market Share in 2021

Figure 38. Key Players Market Share Trend (Top 3 Market Share: 2020 VS 2021 VS 2022)

Figure 39. Global One-step ELISA Revenue Share by Type in 2021

Figure 40. Global One-step ELISA Market Share Forecast by Type (2023-2028)

Figure 41. Global One-step ELISA Revenue Share by Application in 2021

Figure 42. Global One-step ELISA Market Share Forecast by Application (2023-2028)

Figure 43. North America One-step ELISA Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)

Figure 44. North America One-step ELISA Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)

Figure 45. North America One-step ELISA Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)

Figure 46. United States One-step ELISA Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 47. Canada One-step ELISA Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 48. Mexico One-step ELISA Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 49. Europe One-step ELISA Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)

Figure 50. Europe One-step ELISA Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)

Figure 51. Europe One-step ELISA Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)

Figure 52. Germany One-step ELISA Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 53. France One-step ELISA Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 54. United Kingdom One-step ELISA Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 55. Russia One-step ELISA Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 56. Italy One-step ELISA Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 57. Asia-Pacific One-step ELISA Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)

Figure 58. Asia-Pacific One-step ELISA Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)

Figure 59. Asia-Pacific One-step ELISA Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2028)

Figure 60. China One-step ELISA Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 61. Japan One-step ELISA Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 62. South Korea One-step ELISA Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 63. India One-step ELISA Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 64. Southeast Asia One-step ELISA Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 65. Australia One-step ELISA Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 66. South America One-step ELISA Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)

Figure 67. South America One-step ELISA Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)

Figure 68. South America One-step ELISA Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)

Figure 69. Brazil One-step ELISA Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 70. Argentina One-step ELISA Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 71. Middle East and Africa One-step ELISA Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)

Figure 72. Middle East and Africa One-step ELISA Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)

Figure 73. Middle East and Africa One-step ELISA Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)

Figure 74. Turkey One-step ELISA Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 75. Saudi Arabia One-step ELISA Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 76. UAE One-step ELISA Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)

Figure 77. Methodology

Figure 78. Research Process and Data Source