The Managed Motorways market report provides a detailed analysis of global market size, regional and country-level market size, segmentation market growth, market share, competitive Landscape, sales analysis, impact of domestic and global market players, value chain optimization, trade regulations, recent developments, opportunities analysis, strategic market growth analysis, product launches, area marketplace expanding, and technological innovations.
According to our latest research, the global Managed Motorways size is estimated to be USD xx million in 2026 from USD xx million in 2020, with a change XX% between 2020 and 2021. The global Managed Motorways market size is expected to grow at a CAGR of xx% for the next five years.
Market segmentation
Managed Motorways market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2016-2026, the growth among segments provide accurate calculations and forecasts for revenue by Type and by Application. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.
Market segment by Type, covers
Controlled Motorways
Dynamic Hard Shoulder Running Schemes
All Lane Running Schemes
Market segment by Application, can be divided into
Urban Transport
Highway
Others
Market segment by players, this report covers
Alcatel-Lucent
Indra Infrastructures
Siemens
Kapsch
LG CSN
Cisco Systems
IBM
Schneider Electric
Xerox
Huawei Technologies
Market segment by regions, regional analysis covers
North America (United States, Canada, and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, South Korea, India, Southeast Asia, Australia, and Rest of Asia-Pacific)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Rest of South America)
Middle East & Africa (Turkey, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Rest of Middle East & Africa)
The base year for the study has been considered 2019, historic year 2014 and 2018, the forecast period considered is from 2020 to 2027. The regions analyzed for the market include North America, Europe, South America, Asia Pacific, and Middle East and Africa. These regions are further analyzed at the country-level. The study also includes attractiveness analysis of type, application and regions which are benchmarked based on their market size, growth rate and attractiveness in terms of present and future opportunity for understanding the future growth of the market.
Market is segmented on the basis:
The report offers in-depth analysis of driving factors, opportunities, restraints, and challenges for gaining the key insight of the market. The report emphasizes on all the key trends that play a vital role in the enlargement of the market from 2019 to 2026.
The report provides company profile of the key players operating in the market and a comparative analysis based on their business overviews industry offering, segment market share, regional presence, business strategies, innovations, mergers & acquisitions, recent developments, joint venture, collaborations, partnerships, SWOT analysis, and key financial information.
1 Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Managed Motorways
1.2 Classification of Managed Motorways by Type
1.2.1 Overview: Global Managed Motorways Market Size by Type: 2020 Versus 2021 Versus 2026
1.2.2 Global Managed Motorways Revenue Market Share by Type in 2020
1.2.3 Controlled Motorways
1.2.4 Dynamic Hard Shoulder Running Schemes
1.2.5 All Lane Running Schemes
1.3 Global Managed Motorways Market by Application
1.3.1 Overview: Global Managed Motorways Market Size by Application: 2020 Versus 2021 Versus 2026
1.3.2 Urban Transport
1.3.3 Highway
1.3.4 Others
1.4 Global Managed Motorways Market Size & Forecast
1.5 Global Managed Motorways Market Size and Forecast by Region
1.5.1 Global Managed Motorways Market Size by Region: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2026
1.5.2 Global Managed Motorways Market Size by Region, (2016-2021)
1.5.3 North America Managed Motorways Market Size and Prospect (2016-2026)
1.5.4 Europe Managed Motorways Market Size and Prospect (2016-2026)
1.5.5 Asia-Pacific Managed Motorways Market Size and Prospect (2016-2026)
1.5.6 South America Managed Motorways Market Size and Prospect (2016-2026)
1.5.7 Middle East and Africa Managed Motorways Market Size and Prospect (2016-2026)
1.6 Market Drivers, Restraints and Trends
1.6.1 Managed Motorways Market Drivers
1.6.2 Managed Motorways Market Restraints
1.6.3 Managed Motorways Trends Analysis
2 Company Profiles
2.1 Alcatel-Lucent
2.1.1 Alcatel-Lucent Details
2.1.2 Alcatel-Lucent Major Business
2.1.3 Alcatel-Lucent Managed Motorways Product and Solutions
2.1.4 Alcatel-Lucent Managed Motorways Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
2.1.5 Alcatel-Lucent Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.2 Indra Infrastructures
2.2.1 Indra Infrastructures Details
2.2.2 Indra Infrastructures Major Business
2.2.3 Indra Infrastructures Managed Motorways Product and Solutions
2.2.4 Indra Infrastructures Managed Motorways Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
2.2.5 Indra Infrastructures Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.3 Siemens
2.3.1 Siemens Details
2.3.2 Siemens Major Business
2.3.3 Siemens Managed Motorways Product and Solutions
2.3.4 Siemens Managed Motorways Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
2.3.5 Siemens Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.4 Kapsch
2.4.1 Kapsch Details
2.4.2 Kapsch Major Business
2.4.3 Kapsch Managed Motorways Product and Solutions
2.4.4 Kapsch Managed Motorways Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
2.4.5 Kapsch Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.5 LG CSN
2.5.1 LG CSN Details
2.5.2 LG CSN Major Business
2.5.3 LG CSN Managed Motorways Product and Solutions
2.5.4 LG CSN Managed Motorways Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
2.5.5 LG CSN Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.6 Cisco Systems
2.6.1 Cisco Systems Details
2.6.2 Cisco Systems Major Business
2.6.3 Cisco Systems Managed Motorways Product and Solutions
2.6.4 Cisco Systems Managed Motorways Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
2.6.5 Cisco Systems Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.7 IBM
2.7.1 IBM Details
2.7.2 IBM Major Business
2.7.3 IBM Managed Motorways Product and Solutions
2.7.4 IBM Managed Motorways Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
2.7.5 IBM Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.8 Schneider Electric
2.8.1 Schneider Electric Details
2.8.2 Schneider Electric Major Business
2.8.3 Schneider Electric Managed Motorways Product and Solutions
2.8.4 Schneider Electric Managed Motorways Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
2.8.5 Schneider Electric Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.9 Xerox
2.9.1 Xerox Details
2.9.2 Xerox Major Business
2.9.3 Xerox Managed Motorways Product and Solutions
2.9.4 Xerox Managed Motorways Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
2.9.5 Xerox Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.10 Huawei Technologies
2.10.1 Huawei Technologies Details
2.10.2 Huawei Technologies Major Business
2.10.3 Huawei Technologies Managed Motorways Product and Solutions
2.10.4 Huawei Technologies Managed Motorways Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
2.10.5 Huawei Technologies Recent Developments and Future Plans
3 Market Competition, by Players
3.1 Global Managed Motorways Revenue and Share by Players (2019-2021)
3.2 Market Concentration Rate
3.2.1 Top 3 Managed Motorways Players Market Share
3.2.2 Top 10 Managed Motorways Players Market Share
3.2.3 Market Competition Trend
3.3 Managed Motorways Players Head Office, Products and Services Provided
3.4 Mergers & Acquisitions
3.5 New Entrants and Expansion Plans
4 Market Size Segment by Type
4.1 Global Managed Motorways Revenue and Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
4.2 Global Managed Motorways Market Forecast by Type (2021-2026)
5 Market Size Segment by Application
5.1 Global Managed Motorways Revenue Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
5.2 Managed Motorways Market Forecast by Application (2021-2026)
6 North America by Country, by Type, and by Application
6.1 North America Managed Motorways Revenue by Type (2016-2026)
6.2 North America Managed Motorways Revenue by Application (2016-2026)
6.3 North America Managed Motorways Market Size by Country
6.3.1 North America Managed Motorways Revenue by Country (2016-2026)
6.3.2 United States Managed Motorways Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
6.3.3 Canada Managed Motorways Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
6.3.4 Mexico Managed Motorways Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
7 Europe by Country, by Type, and by Application
7.1 Europe Managed Motorways Revenue by Type (2016-2026)
7.2 Europe Managed Motorways Revenue by Application (2016-2026)
7.3 Europe Managed Motorways Market Size by Country
7.3.1 Europe Managed Motorways Revenue by Country (2016-2026)
7.3.2 Germany Managed Motorways Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
7.3.3 France Managed Motorways Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
7.3.4 United Kingdom Managed Motorways Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
7.3.5 Russia Managed Motorways Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
7.3.6 Italy Managed Motorways Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
8 Asia-Pacific by Region, by Type, and by Application
8.1 Asia-Pacific Managed Motorways Revenue by Type (2016-2026)
8.2 Asia-Pacific Managed Motorways Revenue by Application (2016-2026)
8.3 Asia-Pacific Managed Motorways Market Size by Region
8.3.1 Asia-Pacific Managed Motorways Revenue by Region (2016-2026)
8.3.2 China Managed Motorways Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
8.3.3 Japan Managed Motorways Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
8.3.4 South Korea Managed Motorways Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
8.3.5 India Managed Motorways Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
8.3.6 Southeast Asia Managed Motorways Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
8.3.7 Australia Managed Motorways Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
9 South America by Country, by Type, and by Application
9.1 South America Managed Motorways Revenue by Type (2016-2026)
9.2 South America Managed Motorways Revenue by Application (2016-2026)
9.3 South America Managed Motorways Market Size by Country
9.3.1 South America Managed Motorways Revenue by Country (2016-2026)
9.3.2 Brazil Managed Motorways Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
9.3.3 Argentina Managed Motorways Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
10 Middle East & Africa by Country, by Type, and by Application
10.1 Middle East & Africa Managed Motorways Revenue by Type (2016-2026)
10.2 Middle East & Africa Managed Motorways Revenue by Application (2016-2026)
10.3 Middle East & Africa Managed Motorways Market Size by Country
10.3.1 Middle East & Africa Managed Motorways Revenue by Country (2016-2026)
10.3.2 Turkey Managed Motorways Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
10.3.3 Saudi Arabia Managed Motorways Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
10.3.4 UAE Managed Motorways Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
11 Research Findings and Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Methodology
12.2 Research Process and Data Source
12.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1. Global Managed Motorways Revenue by Type, (USD Million), 2020 VS 2021 VS 2026
Table 2. Global Managed Motorways Revenue by Application, (USD Million), 2020 VS 2021 VS 2026
Table 3. Global Market Managed Motorways Revenue (Million USD) Comparison by Region (2016 VS 2021 VS 2026)
Table 4. Global Managed Motorways Revenue (USD Million) by Region (2016-2021)
Table 5. Global Managed Motorways Revenue Market Share by Region (2021-2026)
Table 6. Alcatel-Lucent Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 7. Alcatel-Lucent Major Business
Table 8. Alcatel-Lucent Managed Motorways Product and Solutions
Table 9. Alcatel-Lucent Managed Motorways Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
Table 10. Indra Infrastructures Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 11. Indra Infrastructures Major Business
Table 12. Indra Infrastructures Managed Motorways Product and Solutions
Table 13. Indra Infrastructures Managed Motorways Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
Table 14. Siemens Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 15. Siemens Major Business
Table 16. Siemens Managed Motorways Product and Solutions
Table 17. Siemens Managed Motorways Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
Table 18. Kapsch Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 19. Kapsch Major Business
Table 20. Kapsch Managed Motorways Product and Solutions
Table 21. Kapsch Managed Motorways Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
Table 22. LG CSN Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 23. LG CSN Major Business
Table 24. LG CSN Managed Motorways Product and Solutions
Table 25. LG CSN Managed Motorways Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
Table 26. Cisco Systems Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 27. Cisco Systems Major Business
Table 28. Cisco Systems Managed Motorways Product and Solutions
Table 29. Cisco Systems Managed Motorways Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
Table 30. IBM Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 31. IBM Major Business
Table 32. IBM Managed Motorways Product and Solutions
Table 33. IBM Managed Motorways Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
Table 34. Schneider Electric Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 35. Schneider Electric Major Business
Table 36. Schneider Electric Managed Motorways Product and Solutions
Table 37. Schneider Electric Managed Motorways Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
Table 38. Xerox Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 39. Xerox Major Business
Table 40. Xerox Managed Motorways Product and Solutions
Table 41. Xerox Managed Motorways Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
Table 42. Huawei Technologies Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 43. Huawei Technologies Major Business
Table 44. Huawei Technologies Managed Motorways Product and Solutions
Table 45. Huawei Technologies Managed Motorways Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
Table 46. Global Managed Motorways Revenue (USD Million) by Players (2019-2021)
Table 47. Global Managed Motorways Revenue Share by Players (2019-2021)
Table 48. Breakdown of Managed Motorways by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
Table 49. Managed Motorways Players Head Office, Products and Services Provided
Table 50. Managed Motorways Mergers & Acquisitions in the Past Five Years
Table 51. Managed Motorways New Entrants and Expansion Plans
Table 52. Global Managed Motorways Revenue (USD Million) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 53. Global Managed Motorways Revenue Share by Type (2016-2021)
Table 54. Global Managed Motorways Revenue Forecast by Type (2021-2026)
Table 55. Global Managed Motorways Revenue by Application (2016-2021)
Table 56. Global Managed Motorways Revenue Forecast by Application (2021-2026)
Table 57. North America Managed Motorways Revenue by Type (2016-2021) & (USD Million)
Table 58. North America Managed Motorways Revenue by Type (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 59. North America Managed Motorways Revenue by Application (2016-2021) & (USD Million)
Table 60. North America Managed Motorways Revenue by Application (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 61. North America Managed Motorways Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (USD Million)
Table 62. North America Managed Motorways Revenue by Country (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 63. Europe Managed Motorways Revenue by Type (2016-2021) & (USD Million)
Table 64. Europe Managed Motorways Revenue by Type (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 65. Europe Managed Motorways Revenue by Application (2016-2021) & (USD Million)
Table 66. Europe Managed Motorways Revenue by Application (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 67. Europe Managed Motorways Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (USD Million)
Table 68. Europe Managed Motorways Revenue by Country (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 69. Asia-Pacific Managed Motorways Revenue by Type (2016-2021) & (USD Million)
Table 70. Asia-Pacific Managed Motorways Revenue by Type (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 71. Asia-Pacific Managed Motorways Revenue by Application (2016-2021) & (USD Million)
Table 72. Asia-Pacific Managed Motorways Revenue by Application (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 73. Asia-Pacific Managed Motorways Revenue by Region (2016-2021) & (USD Million)
Table 74. Asia-Pacific Managed Motorways Revenue by Region (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 75. South America Managed Motorways Revenue by Type (2016-2021) & (USD Million)
Table 76. South America Managed Motorways Revenue by Type (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 77. South America Managed Motorways Revenue by Application (2016-2021) & (USD Million)
Table 78. South America Managed Motorways Revenue by Application (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 79. South America Managed Motorways Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (USD Million)
Table 80. South America Managed Motorways Revenue by Country (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 81. Middle East & Africa Managed Motorways Revenue by Type (2016-2021) & (USD Million)
Table 82. Middle East & Africa Managed Motorways Revenue by Type (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 83. Middle East & Africa Managed Motorways Revenue by Application (2016-2021) & (USD Million)
Table 84. Middle East & Africa Managed Motorways Revenue by Application (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 85. Middle East & Africa Managed Motorways Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (USD Million)
Table 86. Middle East & Africa Managed Motorways Revenue by Country (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
List of Figures
Figure 1. Managed Motorways Picture
Figure 2. Global Managed Motorways Revenue Market Share by Type in 2020
Figure 3. Controlled Motorways
Figure 4. Dynamic Hard Shoulder Running Schemes
Figure 5. All Lane Running Schemes
Figure 6. Managed Motorways Revenue Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure 7. Urban Transport Picture
Figure 8. Highway Picture
Figure 9. Others Picture
Figure 10. Global Managed Motorways Revenue, (USD Million): 2020 VS 2021 VS 2026
Figure 11. Global Managed Motorways Revenue and Forecast (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 12. Global Managed Motorways Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2026)
Figure 13. Global Managed Motorways Revenue Market Share by Region in 2020
Figure 14. North America Managed Motorways Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2026)
Figure 15. Europe Managed Motorways Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2026)
Figure 16. Asia-Pacific Managed Motorways Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2026)
Figure 17. South America Managed Motorways Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2026)
Figure 18. Middle East and Africa Managed Motorways Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2026)
Figure 19. Managed Motorways Market Drivers
Figure 20. Managed Motorways Market Restraints
Figure 21. Managed Motorways Market Trends
Figure 22. Alcatel-Lucent Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 23. Indra Infrastructures Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 24. Siemens Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 25. Kapsch Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 26. LG CSN Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 27. Cisco Systems Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 28. IBM Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 29. Schneider Electric Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 30. Xerox Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 31. Huawei Technologies Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 32. Global Managed Motorways Revenue Share by Players in 2020
Figure 33. Managed Motorways Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
Figure 34. Global Top 3 Players Managed Motorways Revenue Market Share in 2020
Figure 35. Global Top 10 Players Managed Motorways Revenue Market Share in 2020
Figure 36. Key Players Market Share Trend (Top 3 Market Share: 2019 VS 2020 VS 2021)
Figure 37. Global Managed Motorways Revenue Share by Type in 2020
Figure 38. Global Managed Motorways Market Share Forecast by Type (2021-2026)
Figure 39. Global Managed Motorways Revenue Share by Application in 2020
Figure 40. Global Managed Motorways Market Share Forecast by Application (2021-2026)
Figure 41. North America Managed Motorways Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2026)
Figure 42. North America Managed Motorways Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026)
Figure 43. North America Managed Motorways Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2026)
Figure 44. United States Managed Motorways Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 45. Canada Managed Motorways Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 46. Mexico Managed Motorways Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 47. Europe Managed Motorways Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2026)
Figure 48. Europe Managed Motorways Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026)
Figure 49. Europe Managed Motorways Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2026)
Figure 50. Germany Managed Motorways Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 51. France Managed Motorways Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 52. United Kingdom Managed Motorways Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 53. Russia Managed Motorways Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 54. Italy Managed Motorways Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 55. Asia-Pacific Managed Motorways Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2026)
Figure 56. Asia-Pacific Managed Motorways Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026)
Figure 57. Asia-Pacific Managed Motorways Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2026)
Figure 58. China Managed Motorways Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 59. Japan Managed Motorways Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 60. South Korea Managed Motorways Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 61. India Managed Motorways Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 62. Southeast Asia Managed Motorways Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 63. Australia Managed Motorways Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 64. South America Managed Motorways Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2026)
Figure 65. South America Managed Motorways Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026)
Figure 66. South America Managed Motorways Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2026)
Figure 67. Brazil Managed Motorways Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 68. Argentina Managed Motorways Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 69. Middle East and Africa Managed Motorways Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2026)
Figure 70. Middle East and Africa Managed Motorways Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026)
Figure 71. Middle East and Africa Managed Motorways Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2026)
Figure 72. Turkey Managed Motorways Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 73. Saudi Arabia Managed Motorways Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 74. UAE Managed Motorways Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 75. Methodology
Figure 76. Research Process and Data Source